Clinical Benchmarks

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Sweet violet Viola odorata

In the 1660s Robert Boyle used syrup of violets to sort one liquid from another. It turns red in an acid and green in an alkali, and the test only holds when the same syrup is used for both.

Leonhart Fuchs, De historia stirpium (Basel, 1542). Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0.

A hand-coloured woodcut of the sweet violet: low heart-shaped leaves, purple flowers and spreading roots.

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